Pakistan Standerd Time, پاکستان سٹنڈرڈ ٹائم
Sundial Theory And Practice
I Have Science Behind Me. Explore It
فری سوفٹ وئیر ڈاؤن لوڈ لنک آخر میں دیکھیں ؎
Sundail free software See at End
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Engr Malik Bashir Ahmad
Bagvi
. Introduction
1. Sundial is a toy for the kids, an education for
the young ones and a decoration piece for the grown ups. And its construction.
too, is so simple. For this one has to have half -a-day off from his work, for marking on the ground the
true north line, along which to build one edge of a rectangular shaped platform
(a mason’s job). This will allow him to mark on the (cemented) floor, shadow
lines of a steel bar placed in north direction in the middle of the platform,
and inclined at an angle equal to the latitude of the place (33.73 deg for
Islamabad, the value obtained from Google being, 33.7294°
N, 73.0931° E.
2.
These lines will start with the first one at noon time.
Numeral ‘12’ shall be written at the end
of the shadow on the platform. The noon time may be computed, or obtained from
Google or from software Qiblatime505.xls/sheet 4 (website IIUI). Continue drawing
lines at one (or half an) hour interval till sun set. This way you will have
marking from 12 to 19 hrs (7 pm).
3.
This is all what can be done on the first day. Take another half
a day off and complete marking from sunrise (5 am/in summer) to 11 hrs (11
am).with this, the sundial calibration is complete. It will cost you two half-days and sitting under the sun,
which may be pleasant in winter, but burning in summer.
4. The other method is by calculations. A set of
three formulae (formulae 1-3/described later), allows you to calculate angles
subtended by the shadow of the style
(steel bar) at the lower end of it. These formulae provide values as under
W= Angle between the Hour Line (HL) and the line corresponding to the line of
greatest slope/LGS. For a vertical sundial, facing truly south(north), the LGS
line overlaps the north line)
V=Angle between the Noon Line (NL) and the LGS
5
Then
Z= W+V
Where
Z = Angle between HL and NL
This set of formulae is given on
page --------- with illustrative examples
5. This last mentioned exercise allows you doing calculations sitting at ease, under the
roof, and try various alternates. Out of these the best one suiting the
building where you want to place it, can be chosen. The south wall of a mosque
will be the most appropriate place of every body’s interest. An education of
having worked it out yourself, will give you the thrill
6. You might have seen something like this, in the
internet, or near Torkham border or elsewhere. But it must have been as a
casual passer by like me, who saw one in
Fatimah Jinnah garden (Shimla Pahari), Lahore in 1952 (installed before
partition).Not once, but many a time, but nothing beyond a casual look. You are
now an astronomer, if not before !
See the isometric view of a 4-facet
sundial(page 2)
7. Once you have developed an interest in the subject, lot of literature
can be found in the internet. Given here is the material , which is mostly my
own working, (starting from scratch) though without having possessed the set of
four books mentioned as reference books, it would not have been possible.
Thanks to my two sons, Muhammad Abdullah Malik and Abdur Rahman Malik (USA) and
my son-in-law, Malik Altaf Hussain, who
managed to get these books on line.
Engr Malik Bashir Ahmad Bagvi
6
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful
1.What led
me to write this book
Background
1.
We had
subject of astronomy in our degree class of civil in Engineering College,
Mughal Pura Lahore (1957). The subject was taught to us towards the end of the
last (third ) year. There was a question about it in the final exam,
But I did not attempt it, not being confident of my grasp of the subject. The
students were made to sit in a class room, from where every one was
being called, one by one for the viva voce. Before me Sh Muzaffar Iqbal came
out and told us that he was asked a question as to how he would find the north
direction , if happened to be in a
village at night. He replied, ’with reference to the nearby mosque. I was asked
the same question. I said,’ By looking at some grave yard. It did not occur
to me that the examiner was expecting a
pole star. This little object I had never seen before
2.
I went
to Karachi to carryout survey for sewage disposal
in Mehran Air Field, Karachi, from my office,
Director
of works and Chief Engineer (PAF) Peshawar. I
visited
Mufti Rashid Ahmad Ludhianvi. He told me that
after miras
(Inheritance) Qibla direction was another
subject, which people knew little about. He said the chief navigator of the PIA said that they
flew at a bearing of 97.5 deg from
Karachi to Jedda, whereas by (great
circle) it was 92.5 deg. But he did not accept it. For his sake Mufti sahb
obtained a big globe (Rs 400- a big amount those days) from America and
demonstrated by using a thread encircled around it through the equator and
another over Makkah, Now I realize the
navigator was talking of the rhumb line bearing which they followed, during
flying, which is a longer route, but the compass needle once fixed, remains the same all
along. The great circle path is shorter
but needs change of bearing every moment, which is not practicable with a compass.
This incident developed an interest in me.
7
3.
Started
working on Qibla direction, soon I developed my own graphical method of finding
Qibla direction. I analyzed it using trigonometry and found it to be matching.
Before that Syed Samad Hussain Rizvi, my colleague in the MES, a renowned
astronomer had sent me Alberuni’s graphical method, which was found to be
applicable for places within 90 deg of longitude on either side of Makkah and
that too, above the Equator only. Later on using computer it transpired that it was valid for places exactly
north/south of Makkah . This hardly justifies a graph.
4.
Mufti
sahib sent me Urdu version of a work by Alberuni,
for finding north with respect to sun shadow.
This led me to computing Qibla direction by sun shadow, instead of first
finding north and then marking on the ground the Qibla line with reference to
it. This I did. A circular was sent to all the formations in the Army, Navy and
PAF, by my senior (Brig Aftab Ahmad) in the HQ to contact B.A. Malik (me) for
Qibla direction.1n 1967, Garrison Mosque Peshawar wad the first one where I was
asked to fix Qibla, and the second one was in Kurmitola, Dacca (May,1969),
where I was posted and remained there
till Dacca fall.
5.
On the
phone I asked Rizvi (Karachi/1968), as to how to find prayer times. He told me
it required drawing a circle. This gave me a hint. I developed a graphical
method for prayer times too. It is given in Ahsan ul Fatawa by Mufti Rasheed
Ahmad. In 1974, I visited Mufti sahib again. He said ,’ Malik sahib alone will
work out Qibla times for major towns of
Pakistan. I just smiled, as it took half an hour for one town with hand
calculator/log tables. Scientific calculator was yet
Un-known . On way back I had to drop at Lahore,
for a task in Nespak (Wapda building). There I saw a main frame computer, for
the first time. I was told , that there was one in GHQ also. Then I was in
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, brought from Peshawar specially for the conversion
of books
from FPS to metric system. I had access to the
main frame,
but did not know programming. This was done for
me by a
8
computer expert of IBM, who were engaged in the
maintenance of the GHQ main frame .I gave him set of equations, without much if
and but, making programming easy. I sent the output to Mufti sahib.
6.
I was
called by m/o Religious affairs for fixing Qibla direction of king Faisal Mosque, jointly with the
survey of Pakistan (1976). Ibne Tulun, sent his team to find out Qibla
direction of Masjid Nabvi, so as to use it as a criteria for the reconstruction
of his mosque (Egypt). They reported back that it deviated by 10 deg from the
true Qibla direction. I checked it (2001)
using pre-calculated Qiblatime
for Madina Munawra, that it was absolutely correct. The reporting was wrong.
Details are given in my book Mashle Rah (soft copy). I wrote a book (1971),
while in Kurmitola,’ Determination of the Direction of Qibla and Islamic
Timings’. About it, Dr Muhammad Ilyas, renowned astronomer, wrote in his book
(1984).,’ In English, it is probably the only book on this subject’
7.
Mufti
sahib himself got engaged in prayer times (1968). He discovered that the prayer
time schedules, the world over, gave fajar time, which in fact was the time of
subhe kazib
(15-20 minutes before the correct time). The
learned heard it, got convinced, but put it aside. The whole tale is contained
in Ahsan ul Fatawa. I continued it and discovered that the old charts were
based on a fatwa by Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan Bralevi (1326 Hijri/ 1908 CE). Which
was due to his un-awareness of a Hadees
(Sahee Muslim 1094/occurring 18 times in the authentic boos of Hadees) fixing
the time for subhe kazib and sadiq. None accepted this baseless theory. Not
even his khalifa, Mufti Amjad Ali Azami (Bahare Shariat) and Mufti Muneeb ur
Rahman.
8.
Obtaining
interpretation of Sahee Muslim (1094) from renowned scholars, I compiled a
prayer time schedule for
Islamabad. This has been published by the
Islamic Research
Institute (IIUI) and has brought about a
revolution. The ulama
are in a fix. All their fatawa, without
exception, go against
9
their practice of following the Masjid
Fatehpuri Delhi chart by
Mufti Mazhar Ullah. I requested Shahi Imam,
Masjid Fatehpuri for a prayer chart for Islamabad, in conformity with Sahee
Muslim 1094 and Sunan Trirmazi 705. Also requested
69 muftian e kiram/shayukhul hadees, through
email, as to which of the two charts was in line with Sharih—IRI or Shai Imam.
It is all quiet.
Sundial
9.
While a
student in Islamia College, Lahore (1952) I saw a triangular shaped brass
coated, 6 inch size (sundial, I call it now- then I knew nothing) on a pillar
in Gulsitan e Fatima. The top edge of it was in north direction, and inclined.
At what degree, (It must have been at 34. Deg--equal to the LAT of Lahore). The
plate had marking of 6 am to 6 pm , with the triangle placed in vertical plane and over 12 o’ clock
line.
10.
I was engaged in writing a book on falakiyat
for madaris deenia (2010), where this subject is being taught as a part of
the course of studies. Dhoop ghari, I
was pondering, as to what it is. Searched in the Google and found clue to a
‘Sundial.
11.
There I got the idea of a horizontal sundial
and a vertical sundial and the math formulas. I combined the two and included
in my book, as a twin sundial. Commander Ayaz Mahmud, always looking for a new
mosque, to make his contribution, calls for fixing Qibla direction. Once I talked to him about my working on
sundial – a simple twin north oriented sundial. He lost no time, persuaded
Comnor to have it fixed somewhere in the Naval Complex. This was done. I gave
them the design of a twin sundial (Horizontal and vertical sundials on one
platform). I got the telephonic call, asking me the fee, as it was planned to
get a proper work sanctioned. I replied, it is gratis.
12.
After a
few months I was told that it had been installed in front of
Bahria College and was asked to visit
and see if it were
done correctly. I went and found something
different on the
ground. It was facing north, and inclined. Mine
was upright and
10
facing
south. The Naval officer, having been assigned the task,
changed
it to an Equatorial sundial. Technically it was correct,
but
it did not fit in Islamabad. It was the end of February. It did not show time
.The designer was on vacation in USA. He was contacted, who said it will work
after 21st March. It was certainly not the intention of the
organization, to have it for six months
only
(21st Mar-23 Sep). I myself
started looking for a way out to make it
workable.
13.
I suggested to Comnor official,
that if the vertical angle of the
sundial plate were reduced down to 30 deg,
from 56.27 deg it will show time 365 days, though for a few hours only.
It was accepted. But I stopped there . DW/CE (MES) in the mean time built
structure as a true North oriented twin sundial, as per my design. That too, I
suspended. I got engaged developing my own computational method for drawing the
shadow lines. No book was available, A formula was obtained from Google, but
without any illustrative problem, which could help me interpret the result. And
there was none from I could seek help. I
sent emails to the sundials societies of UK, USA and Canada. The reply received from UK was: We
appreciate your interest in mathematics, but can’t help you. You may get the
requisite information from such and such websites’
14.
I Engr Akram
Asi, in DW/CE (MES), arranged ground
survey and make an as-built drawing of the sundial. It was half done but then abandoned. I was just
groping in the dark, not knowing as to which way to work. I changed over to an
analytical approach. No book was
available on the subject, in the local market, Looking in the Google, I got a
formula of declining and inclining sundial. But it was found to be lacking
15.
My son Abdur Rahman Malik, was
on vacation from America. He said he had got a book on line, which will meet my
requirement. He asked his elder brother Muhammad Abdullah Malik , in USA, who
got me, a book by book (Ref 1). It contains a vertical declining sundial,
whereas I wanted a declining and inclining sundial. In the meantime my
son-in-law Malik Altaf Hussain, too, got me
a set of four books,
11
Out of these, one book one contains a set of 7
formula, related to the subject of my interest. But it has no numerical
solution
16.
I carried out lot of exercises to develop my own method from basic
principles, to make it educative. Every time, starting with a new approach.
Ultimately, I succeed in developing a software (method 1) in Excel, starting
with spherical and plane triangles. Sundials by Newton This was followed by
another method (Method 2). This second one outputs the length of the shadow
cast by the style on the sundial
17.
Alhamdo Lillah, the result obtained from each of these two methods,
tallies with that from one-line complex formula contained in the book by Rene.
Then I found myself at ease to write my own book, which, I feel, will be
unique, in that:
(1)
It starts with the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful
(2)
It is for Allah
(3)
It starts with basic elements of astronomy
(4)
Is allows manual calculations using a scientific calculator, as well a
computer
(5)
Will create interest, as it can be fixed on the south wall of mosques,
in any town of known Lat and Long
(Declination of the sundial plate, to be
equal to the angle of Qibla from true north: For Islamabad 13.4 deg SE— Qibla
direction being 103.4 deg)
(6)
Suitable for buildings on the main roads of Islamabad, which decline 32
deg SE from true north. Computations of hour lines done once, will hold good
for every other house located on the main roads of Islamabad
My special thanks are due to Commander ®
Ayaz Mahmud, for his spirit and devotion to the cause and to Comnor, (CMD
-------------- and
DW/CE
(MES), BRG Akhlaq Rasool) and their staff officers, for having built one each
in front of Bahria College and HQ DW/CE.
It provided me an opportunity to go deep into the subject and devolve my own
independent approach to the designing of
sundials. It is a subject where Muslims had their own contribution, as I
could find a reference to one such sundial, in the Museum of Cairo dated 1188
Hijri.
END ENG ALL
دھوپ گھڑی سوفٹ وئیر یہاں سے ڈاؤن کیا جاسکتاہے ۔ یہ ایکسل میں بنا ہوا ہے ۔۔ سب کے فائدے کے لیے ہے ۔
دھوپ گھڑی ف
ری ڈاؤن لوڈ لیے یہاں کلک کریں ۔ لنک نمبر2
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